1. Which statement is correct ?

2. Hypoxia is caused by

3. The Seat-of-the-Pants Sense is including receptors in the

4. Which statement applies to hypoxia?

5. Which of the following errors occur at rules-based level
?

Which of the following errors occur at rules-based level
?
1.Omission
2.The application of a poor rule
3. Attentional capture
4. The poor application of a good rule

6. In the short-term-memory, information is stored for
approximately

7. Check the following statements:
1. The first information received determines how
subsequent
information will be evaluated.
2. If one has made up one's mind, contradictory
information may
not get the attention it really needs.
3. With increasing stress, channelizing attention is
limiting the flow
of information to the central decision maker (CNS).

8. What is the average Time of Useful Consciousness after
a rapid decompression at 40,000 ft ?

9. In problem-solving, what determines the transition from
rules-based activities to a knowledge-based activity ?

10. What is the name for the sensation of rotation occuring
during flight and which is caused by multiple irritation of
several semicircular canals at the same time?

11. The so-called "Seat-of-the-Pants" sense is

12. How can the process of learning be facilitated?

13. Action plans (SOP's) in a cockpit must :

14. To safely supply the crew with oxygen, at which altitude
is it necessary to breathe 100% oxygen plus pressure
after a rapid decompression ?

15. The following may occur during gradual
depressurisation between 12,000 and 18,000 ft :

16. When oxygen is beeing transferred from the blood into
the tissues and carbon dioxide from the body cells into
the blood, it is called:

17. The normal rate of breathing is

18. Under what circumstances will a pilot change from
automated level to rule-based level ?

19. What is the "Time of Useful Consciousness" for a rapid
decompression at 25,000 ft ?

20. When exhaling, the expired air contains:

21. An efficient flight deck (synergetic cockpit) will be
observed when:

22. The time required for complete adaptation is

23. The physiological rhythms of a pilot in a new time zone
will resynchronise to this new time zone at a rate of
about

24. How can a pilot prevent "pilots-vertigo"?

25. Learning is called each lasting change of behaviour due
to

26. A stress reaction is:

27. A shining light is fading out (i. e. when flying into fog,
dust or haze). What kind of sensation could the pilot get?

28. Of the following statements, select those which apply to
"information".
-1 : It is said to be random when it is not intended for
receivers.
-2 : It is intended to reduce uncertainty for the receiver.
-3 : It is measured in bits.
-4 : Each bit of information reduces uncertainty by a
quarter.
The correct statement(s) is (are):

29. What are the three phases of General Adaptation
Syndrome ?

30. CO (carbon monoxide) present in the smoke of
cigarettes can lead to:
1. reduction of time of usefull consciousness
2. hypoxia at a much lower altitude than normal

31. The momentum of gas exchange in respiration is

32. The main function of the red blood cells is

33. At what altitude ("threshold for compensatory
reactions") does the human organism start with
remarkable measures to compensate for the drop in pO2
when climbing?
At about:

34. Changes in blood-pressure are measured by:

35. The group of tiny bones (the hammer, anvil and stirrup)
are situated in

36. Man possesses a system for maintaining his internal
equilibrium in the face of variations brought about by
external stimulations.
This internal equilibrium is called :

37. The organism is mobilized by a process known as:

38. Which of the following physical stimuli may cause
stress reactions?
-1 : noise.
-2 : interpersonnal conflict.
-3 : temperature.
-4 : administrative problem.
-5 : hunger.
The combination of correct statements is:

39. Positive linear accelleration when flying in IMC may
cause a false sensation of:

40. When you stare at a single light against the dark (f.e. an
isolated star) you will find the light appears to move
after some time. This phenomenon is called:

41. Barotrauma of the sinuses of the nose (aerosinusitis)

42. Which of the following is a/are symptom(s) of hypoxia ?

43. What could the crew do in order to avoid air-sickness
with passengers?
1. Avoid turbulences.
2. Avoid flying through rough weather.
3. Seat passenger close to the center of gravity.
4. Give pertinent information.

44. Which of the following provides the basis of all
perceptions?

45. Concerning the capacity of the human long-term
memory

46. Alcohol, even when taken in minor quantities

47. During the cruising phase of a short-haul flight the
captain starts to smoke a cigarette in the cockpit. The
flying copilot asks him to stop smoking because he is a
non-smoker. The captain tells him: 'This is your
problem', and continues smoking. What should the
copilot do?

48. Among the functions below, which is the most sensitive
to hypoxia?

49. What event can cause a hyperventilation (not required
by physical need)?
1. Pressure breathing.
2. Anxiety or fear.
3. Overstress.
4. Strong pain.
5. Jogging.

50. Which statement is correct?
1. Smokers have a greater chance of suffering from
coronary heart disease
2. Smoking tobacco will raise the individuals
pysiological altitude
during flight
3. Smokers have a greater chance of decreasing ung
cancer

51. A pilot can be described as being proficient, when
he/she:

52. Linear accelleration when flying straight and level in
IMC may give the illusion of:

53. Mark the two most important attributes for a positive
leadership style:
(1) dominant behaviour
(2) examplary role-behaviour
(3) mastery of communication skills
(4) "Laissez-faire" behaviour

54. What does not apply to a constructive and helpful
feedback?

55. The fovea centralis is

56. Carbon monoxide is always present in the exhaust
gases of engines. If a pilot is exposed to carbon
monoxide, which of the following responses is correct?

57. What does the 'End Deterioration Effect'('Home-itis')
mean?

58. Which of the following personality characteristics makes
crew decision making most effective?

59. The behavioural effects of stress may include :
-1 : manifestation of aggressiveness.
-2 : a willingness to improve communication.
-3 : a willingness for group cohesion.
-4 : a tendency to withdrawl.
-5 : inappropriate gestural agitation.
The combination of correct statements is :

60. The respiratory process consists mainly of

61. Very high ambition and need for achievement

62. Which of the following is true concerning carbon
monoxide?

63. The chemical composition of the earth´s atmosphere (I
C A O standard atmosphere) is

64. The intensity of a sound is measured in

65. The following can be observed when the internal body
temperature falls below 35°C :

66. Hypoxia can also be caused by

67. Which of the following statements concerning
communication is valid?

68. Carbon monoxide in the human body can lead to:
1. loss of muscular power
2. headache
3. impaired judgement
4. pain in the joints
5. loss of consciousness

69. A pilot is skilled when he :
-1 : trains or practises regularly
-2 : knows how to manage himself/herself
-3 : possesses all the knowledge associated with his
aircraft
-4 : knows how to keep resources in reserve for coping
with the
unexpected

70. Pre-thought action plans may be said to:
-1 : ease access to information which may be necessary.
-2 : sensitize and prepare for a possible situation to
come.
-3 : be readily interchangeable and can therefore be
reformulated
at any time during the flight.
-4 : define a framework and a probable strategy for the
encountered situation.
The combination of correct statements is:

71. With regard to the humidity of air in current in a
pressurized cabin, we know that it :
-1 : varies between 40 and 60%
-2 : varies between 5 and 15%
-3 : may cause dehydration effecting the performance of
the crew
-4 : has no special effects on crew members

72. When turning in IMC , head movements should be
avoided as much as possible. This is a prevention
against:

73. As a result of automation in cockpits,

74. An autocratic cockpit is described by :

75. The acquisition of expertise comprises three stages (
Anderson model):

76. Errors which occur during highly automated actions
may result from :
1. the capture of a poor action subprogram
2. a mistake in the decision making process
3. the application of a poor rule
4. an action mode error

77. Situations particularly vulnerable to "reversion to an
earlier behaviour pattern" are :
1. when concentration on a particular task is relaxed
2. when situations are characterised by medium
workload
3. when situations are characterised by stress

78. When flying above 10.000 feet hypoxia arises because:

79. The level of automation of behaviour-patterns facilitates
the saving of resources and therefore of attention. On
the other hand, it may result in :

80. Empty field myopia is caused by:

81. With regard to communication in a cockpit, we can say
that:

82. Of the following statements concerning the effects of
circadian rhythms on performance, we know that :

83. The transfer of carbon dioxide from the blood to the
alveoli can be described by

84. One of the most frequent symptom(s) of decompression
sickness emerging after a decompression in airline
operation

85. Fixation or tunnel vision is primarily to be expected
when :

86. The circulatory system, among other things, allows for :
1. transportation of oxygen and carbon dioxide
2. transportation of information by chemical substances

87. What airplane equipment marked a subtantial decrease
in hull loss rates in the eighties?

88. Barotrauma of the middle ear most likely will occur

89. How can a pilot avoid automation complacency?

90. After a decompression at high altitude

91. Hyperventilation causes

92. How can you determine if a person is suffering from a
barotrauma of the sinuses of the nose (aerosinusitis) or
the middle ear (aerotitis) ?

93. Which of the following characteristics form part of
decision-making on the flight deck ?

94. It is desirable to standardize as many patterns of
behaviour (operating procedures) as possible in
commercial aviation mainly because

95. The following occurs in man if the internal body
temperature increases to 38°C :

96. A passenger complains about a painful inflated belly at
8.000 feet. You advise him to:
1. unbuckle and massage the belly
2. stand up and let go the gases out of the intestines
3. eat less gas forming food and avoid carbonhydrated
beverages
before flight in the future
4. drink a lot of water throughout the flight

97. The type of hypoxia, which occurs at altitude is a
explained by:

98. Vibrations within the frequency band of 1/10 to 2 Hertz
are a factor contributing to air-sickness, because they

99. The following actions are appropriate when faced with
symptoms of decompression sickness:
1. climb to higher level
2. descent to the higher of 10000 ft or MSA and land as
soon as
possible
3. breathe 100 % oxygen
4. get medical advice about recompression after landing

100. Whilst flying a coordinated turn, most of your activity is

101. The effect of hypoxia to vision

102. With regard to the average influence of age on pilot
performance, it may be said that age:

103. Having a serious cold it is better not to fly, due to the
extra risk of:
1. flatulence
2. pain in the ear during descent
3. pressure vertigo
4. pain in the nasal sinuses

104. Concerning the relation between performance and
stress, which of the following statement(s) is (are)
correct?

105. The human performance is generally

106. What seem to be the main roles of deep sleep ?

107. Young pilots or pilots with little experience of airplanes
differ from experienced pilots in the following way :

108. During flight all crewmembers have one or more of the
following symptoms:
1. blue lips
2. mental disturbances
3. tingling sensations in arms and/or legs
4. reduction of peripheral vision
Which is the possible cause?

109. The negative (radial) acceleration of an airplane affects
the sitting pilot with inertia along :

110. The impression of an apparent movement of light
when stared at for a relatively long period of time in the
dark is called

111. Nonverbal communication

112. The transfer of oxygen from the alveoli to the blood can
be discribed by:

113. Why is hypoxia especially dangerous for pilots flying
solo?

114. The metabolisation of alcohol

115. The performance of the man machine system is above
all :

116. An excessive need for safety

117. During sustained positive G-forces the order of
symptoms you can expect is:

118. Glaucoma is:

119. Smoking cigarettes reduces the capability of the blood
to carry oxygen. This is because:

120. One negative aspect of the highly automated cockpit
results in :

121. When flying at night the first sense to be affected by a
slight degree of hypoxia is the

122. A good method to treat hyperventilation is to:

123. CRM (Crew Resource Management) training is:

124. With regard to central vision, which of the following
statements are correct ?
-1: It is due to the functioning of rods
-2: It enables details, colours and movement to be seen
-3: Its very active both during the day and at night
-4: It represents a zone where about 150.000 cones per
mm are
located to give high resolution capacity

125. You suffered a rapid decompression without the
appearance of any decompression sickness symptoms.
How long should you wait until your next flight?

126. The barometric pressure has dropped to 1/2 of the
pressure at sea level at

127. The DECIDE model is based on :

128. The biological reaction to stress is identical regardless
of the cause of stress. This mechanism occurs in three
phases and is referred to, by Selye, as the "General
Adaptation Syndrome".
The sequence is:

129. Please mark the counter-measure a pilot can use against
a barotrauma of the middle ear (aerotitis).

130. The person with overall responsibility for the flight is the
-1 Pilot in Command
-2 Co-pilot
-3 Navigator
-4 Air traffic controller
The correct statement(s) is (are):

131. Acute stress quickly leads to

132. Which of the folllowing statements concerning
barotrauma are correct? They are:

133. The photosensitive cells beeing responsible for night
vision are called:

134. When spinning an aircraft, the predominating type of
acceleration will be

135. What are easily observable indications of stress?

136. In a glass-cockpit aircraft, communication between the
members of the crew:

137. Which of the following factors may have an influence on
medical disqualification?

138. The peripheral vision is important for:

139. Which of the following human error rates can be
described as both realistic and pretty good, after
methodical training

140. What may become the main risk of a "laissez-faire"
cockpit ?

141. What could be symptoms of hypoxia (when flying
without oxygen) above 12,000 ft?

142. After a cabin pressure loss in approximately 35 000 FT
the TUC (Time of Useful Consciousness) will be
approximately:

143. The human information processing system is highly
efficient compared to computers because of its

144. The vestibular organ

145. Of the following alternatives, which objective effects are
due to positive acceleration (+ Gz)?
- 1: Decrease in heart rate
- 2: Pooling of blood into lower parts of the body
- 3: Drop in blood pressure above heart-level
- 4: Downward displacement or deformation of soft or
mobile organs

146. The thin walls of capillaries are permeable for :

147. The effect of experience and habit on performance

148. Getting uneasy will effect:
1. attention
2. concentration
3. memory
4. prudence

149. The phenomenon of accommodation, which enables a
clear image to be obtained, is accomplished by which of
the following ?

150. What could cause hyperventilation ?

151. The proprioceptive senses ("Seat of-the-Pants-Sense")

152. Which of the following statements is correct regarding
decision making?

153. The choice of the moment you select flaps depending
on situation and conditions of the landing is:

154. Long-term memory is an essential component of the
pilot's knowledge and expertise.

155. The most dangerous symptoms of hypoxia at altitude are

156. Decision-making is a concept which represents

157. The proprioceptive senses (seat-of-the-pants sense) are
important for motor coordination.
They

158. Which of the following could a pilot experience when he
is hyperventilating?
1. Dizziness
2. Muscular spasms
3. Visual disturbances
4. Cyanosis

159. The Time of Useful Consciousness may vary according
to :
1 : physical activity of the subjected crew
2 : the experience of the pilot on the type of aircraft in
question
3 : the strength and time of decompression
4 : the cabin temperature

160. The Time of Useful Consciousness may vary according
to :
1 : physical activity of the subjected crew
2 : the experience of the pilot on the type of aircraft in
question
3 : the strength and time of decompression
4 : the cabin temperature

161. Conscious perception

162. A high degree of cockpit automation may alter the
traditional tasks of the pilots in a way, that

163. The eustachian tube serves for the pressure
equalization between

164. If you are subjected to an illusion during night flying
you should:

165. Which of the following responses lists most of the
common hazardous thought patterns (attitudes) for
pilots to develop?

166. The time an eye needs to adapt fully to the dark is about:

167. The relationship which exists between crew error and
flight safety :

168. Exchange of gasses between the body and the
environment takes place at the:

169. Using a checklist prior start is a contribution to

170. The resistance phase of stress reaction is characterized
by:
-1 : activation of the autonomic nervous system (ANS).
-2 : testosterone secretion which enables fats to be
converted into
sugar.
-3 : a sudden fall in stress resistance.
-4 : the appearance of psychosomatic disorders when
lasting over
a prolonged time.
The combination of correct statements is:

171. Which phenomenon is common to hypoxia and
hyperventilation?

172. Which phenomenon is common to hypoxia and
hyperventilation?

173. What are the effects of distress (overstress) ?

174. Habits and routine can influence decision-making in a
way that:

175. When can a system be said to be tolerant to error?
When:

176. Which of the following statements best characterise a
synergetic cockpit?
1. Decisions are taken by the captain, but prepared by
the crew
2. There is little delegating of tasks
3. Communications are few in number but precise and
geared purely to the flight
4. Fluid, consensual boundaries exist in regard to
leadership-style, which fluctuate between authority and
laissez-faire

177. Autokinetic illusion is:

178. Decompression sickness may occur as from :
- 1: an altitude of more than 18,000 ft
- 2 : an altitude of more than 5,500 ft
- 3 : a rate of climb of more than 500 ft/min exceeding
18,000 ft
- 4 : a temperature of more than 24°C

179. In airline operations decompression sickness symptoms

180. The semicircular canals of the inner ear monitor

181. An overstressed pilot may show the following
symptoms:
1. mental blocks, confusion and channelized attention
2. resignation, frustration, rage
3. deterioration in motor coordination
4. high pitch voice and fast speaking

182. The risk of a barotrauma of the middle ear is more likely
to occur

183. Henry's Law explains the occurence of:

184. Which of the following statements is correct?
The blood-pressure which is measured during flight
medical checks is the pressure

185. The volume of air beeing exchanged during a normal
breathing cycle (tidal volume) is about:

186. "Pilot's vertigo":

187. Which of the following solutions represent antidotes to
conflicts ?
1. Seeking arbitration
2. Actively listening to other people
3. Abandoning facts so as to move the conversation to a
more emotional level
4. Becoming aware of cultural influences

188. Presbyopia is:

189. A pilot, accelerating or decelerating in level flight may
get:

190. The human circadian rhythm is based on a cycle of
about:

191. Human behaviour is determined by:

192. Which of the following are the most favourable solutions
to manage phases of reduced or low vigilance
(hypovigilance)?
1. Healthy living
2. Use of amphetamines
3. Reducing the intensity of the light
4. Organising periods of rest during the flight

193. Flying immediately following a dive with SCUBA diving
equipment (> 10 m depth)

194. A pilot can overcome hyperventilation by:

195. 1. Adaptation is a new state of equilibrium after having
coped with
a stressful situation.
2. An individual's prospect of the situation and his/her
abilities to
cope with it will determine the type and strength of
stress.

196. The carcinogen (a substance with the ability to produce
modifications in cells which develop a cancer) in the
bronchi of the lungs is

197. Some hours after a rapid decompression at FL 300 you
experience pain in the joints. Which of following
answers is correct?

198. To avoid wrong decisions by the pilot, an aircraft
system should at least be able to

199. Decompression sickness symptoms may develop due to

200. Which of the following statement(s) is/are correct ?
- 1: The retina has rods on its peripheral zone and cones
on its
central zone
- 2: The retina has cones and the crystalline lens has
rods
- 3: The rods allow for night-vision
- 4: The cones are located on the peripheral zone of the
retina

201. You fly VFR from your home base (runway width 27 m),
to an international airport (runway width 45 m). On
reaching your destination there is a risk of performing a:

202. The available cognitive resources of the human brain:

203. The chemical substance responsible for addiction to
tobacco is

204. Which statement is correct regarding alcohol in the
human body?

205. What are the main characteristics of active errors ?
They :
1. are detectable only with difficulty by first-line
operators
2. have rapid and direct consequences on the action in
progress
3. are down to first-line operators
4. have an impact on the overall action whose timing
may be
affected significantly

206. What would be the priority aim in the design of manmachine
interfaces and in the creation of their
application procedures for combatting problems
associated with human error ?

207. In order to provide optimum human performance it is
advisable to

208. The rate and depth of breathing is primarily controlled
by:

209. Why must flight safety considerations consider the
human error mechanism?
-1 : It is analysis of an incident or accident which will
make it
possible to identify what error has been committed
and by
whom. It is the process whereby the perpetrator is
made
responsible which may lead to elimination of the
error.
-2 : If we have a better understanding of the cognitive
error
mechanism, it will be possible to adapt procedures,
aircraft
interfaces, etc.
-3 : It is error management procedure which enables us
to
continuously adjust our actions. The better we
understand the
underlying mechanism of an error, the better will be
our means
for detecting and adapting future errors.
-4 : Since error is essentially human, once it has been
identified by
the use of procedures, a person will be able to
anticipate and
deal with it automatically in the future.
The correct statement(s) is (are):

210. Sleeplessness or the disruption of sleeping patterns
1. can lead to symptoms of drowsiness, irritability and
lack of
concentration
2. will make an individual more prone to make errors

211. Hypoxia is a situation in which the cells

212. Which of the following abilities will not improve efficient
decision making on the cockpit?

213. The severity of hypoxia depends on the:
1. rate of decompression
2. physical fitness
3. flight level
4. individual tolerance

214. The rate of accidents in commercial aviation (excluding
sabotage and acts of terrorism) :

215. Please check the following statements:
1. A stressor causes activation
2. Activation stimulates a person to cope with it

216. The 'Black hole' phenomenon occurs during approaches
at night and over water, jungle or desert. When the pilot
is lacking of visual cues other than those of the
aerodrome there is an illusion of

217. Attitudes are defined as:

218. Which of the following illusions are brought about by
conflicts between the visual system and the vestibular
system ?
-1: Illusions concerning the attitude of the aircraft
-2: Autokinetic illusion (fixed point viewed as moving)
-3: Illusions when estimating the size and distance of
objects
-4 : Illusions of rotation

219. A high level of motivation is related

220. In relation to hypoxia, which of the following
paraphrase(s) is (are) correct?

221. Which problem may occur, when flying in an
environment of low contrast (fog, snow, darkness,
haze)?
Under these conditions it is:

222. Saturation of oxygen in the blood at sea level is 98%.
This saturation decreases with:
1. decreasing air pressure
2. carbon monoxide poisoning
3. increasing altitude
4. increasing air pressure

223. The volume percentage of oxygen in the atmosphere is
21% which

224. A barotrauma of the middle ear is

225. The use of modern technology applied to glass-cockpit
aircraft has:

226. Glaucoma
1. can lead to total blindness
2. can lead to undetected reduction of the visual field
3. reduces visual acuity in its final stage

227. 1. Lively information is easier to take into consideration
for creating
a mental picture than boring information.
2.The sequence in which information is offered is also
important for
the use the pilot makes of it.

228. The 'cocktail party effect' is

229. Which scanning technique should be used when flying
at night?

230. What are the communication qualities of a good
briefing?
A good briefing must:
-1 : contain as much information and be as
comprehensive as
possible.
-2 : be of a standard type so that it can be reused for
another flight
of the same type.
-3 : be short and precise.
-4 : be understandable to the other crew member(s).
The correct statement(s) is (are):

231. At what altitude (breathing 100% oxygen without
pressure) could symptoms of hypoxia be expected?

232. Barodontalgia

233. The atmospheric gas pressure

234. The atmospheric pressure at 18,000 feet altitude is half
the atmospheric pressure at sea level.
In accordance with this statement,

235. What are the various factors which guide attention ?
1. The level of automation of behaviour
2. Response time
3. The salience of the information
4. Expectations

236. In order to completely resynchronise with local time
after zone crossing, circadian rhythms require

237. In the event of rapid decompression the first action for
the flight deck crew is:

238. Haemoglobin is:

239. During running your muscles are producing more CO2,
raising the CO2 level in the blood. The consequence is:

240. What is the main problem caused by positive (+Gz)
accelerations?

241. The earth's atmosphere consists of different gases in
various concentration. Match the following:
1 nitrogen A 0,03%
2 oxygen B 0,92%
3 carbon dioxide C 20.95%
4 rare gas D 78,10%

242. The first effect to be noticed on gradual exposure to
high positive radial accelerations is

243. Tuned resonance of body parts, distressing the
individual, can be caused by

244. Once detected, an error will result in cognitive
consequences which:

245. Symptoms of decompression sickness

246. The physiology of stress is now well known:

247. You fly VFR from your home base (runway width 45 m)
to a small airfield (runway width 27 m). On reaching your
destination there is a risk of performing a: